نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 ، کارشناس ارشد آهنگسازی، دانشکده موسیقی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران
2 عضو هیات علمی در گروه آهنگسازی، دانشکده موسیقی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Extended techniques refer to unconventional methods of playing Iranian national instruments to produce new sounds and effects. This study investigates extended techniques for the Santur (iranian hammered dulcimer), based on the instrument’s diverse capabilities to introduce sounds and effects that are uncommon in traditional Iranian music. A primary aim of this research is to create new sounds by using different parts of the instrument's body—such as tuning pins, bridges, side bridges, and soundboard—while altering the location and method of performing both common and less common techniques. Additionally, extended techniques from other instruments, such as the piano and violin, were adapted when feasible for the Santur. One of the key factors in altering the sound is changing the tool used to play the instrument, such as the metal hammer or bow, that significantly affect both the nature and duration of the notes. Furthermore, placing different objects (e.g., leather) between the strings has been introduced. In this research, seventeen extended techniques were presented, providing detailed explanations of their execution and proposing methods for their notation. The sound characteristics of these techniques are categorized into two groups: 1) Techniques with specific pitches that can be notated on the staff, and 2) Techniques without specific pitches, for which only durations can be notated according to the proposed system. The suggested notation methods were developed through a study of various contemporary notation sources and an analysis of scores from different composers. In presenting these notation methods, symbols were proposed based on the sounds’ characteristics and their similarity to techniques and methods already in use by composers. Some symbols were used without alteration, while others were modified or newly introduced. Among the techniques presented, some have limitations that must be considered by composers. For instance, performers may require additional time to prepare certain techniques, and in some cases, composers need to consider dynamic restrictions, as certain techniques cannot be performed at high dynamic levels.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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